Com156 †Prison Population of Drug Offenders Free Essays

Prison Population of Drug Offenders With the United States prison population growing, did you know that almost every citizen knows at least one person that is in prison? Every day there are 200 new jail cells that are constructed in the United States (ZHENG, SALGANIK, GELMAN, 2006). With the highest rates of incarceration than any other country prisons are full in the United States of America, and yet we continue to build more space and spend more tax dollars on building more prisons. This is an ever growing concern amongst American citizens whose tax dollars are going into this ever building problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Com156 – Prison Population of Drug Offenders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Something needs to be done to change the course of this problem before it becomes bigger than it really should be, and we do have a few options to consider. More than a quarter of our countries prison population is incarcerated for drug offenses with sentences of anywhere from 1 to 30 years (Center for Cognitive Liberty Ethics, 2012). 30 years seems like a long time to spend citizen tax dollars on someone who did nothing violent towards another, and was only hurting themself with the lifestyle that they chose to live. Our prison systems could potentially be more effectively used by focusing more on incarcerating drug users based on the violent offenses they commit rather than the drug offenses. Prison population has been a topic of conversation around the world for many years now, and has recently become an ever growing concern in the United States. More than 10. 1 million people are held in penal institutions around the world, and the United States holds more than a quarter of the world’s incarcerated population. At 2. 29 million people incarcerated in the United Sates (Walmsley, 2011), our prisons are full. The only country that has even close to as many prisoners as we do is China at 1. 65 million people incarcerated (Walmsley, 2011). China’s total population is 1,354. 1 million, and the United States’ total population is 308. 4 million. China’s total population is more than four times that of the United States, and yet the United States prison population is almost one and a half times what China’s is at. This could be because of the luxuries that inmates get when incarcerated here in the United States that other countries do not provide for their inmates. Inmates in the United States receive cable television and new release movies, music and music players, and even an education; all of these are luxuries that most other countries do not offer their inmates. The luxuries that inmates in the United States receive cost taxpayer dollars to provide, the average cost per inmate is $31,286. 00 per year (Henrichson Delaney, 2012). That is a large lump sum of money, especially considering that the average American citizen only makes $46,000. 00 or less per year. The cost of inmates on taxpayers could be a whole topic in itself. Of the 2. 9 million people incarcerated in the United States, 337,405 of them are in State or Federal prisons for drug offenses (Drugwarfacts. org, 2011); this number does not even include those in local jails. According to the US Justice Department, 27. 9% of drug offenders in state prisons are serving time for possession, 69. 4% are serving time for trafficking offenses, and 2. 7% are in for â€Å"other. † (Dr ugwarfacts. org, 2011). These numbers are too high. Penalties for trafficking are higher than possession, so 69. 4% will spend more time taking up that prison space and tax dollars than the 27. 9% of possessors will. Even at only 2. 7%, the rate for those incarcerated for â€Å"other’ types of drug offenses is too high. In local jails alone, as of a 2002 federal survey there were 440,670 local inmates, a quarter of which (112,447) were drug offenders (Drugwarfacts. org, 2011). Of this 112,447, 11. 1% are there on possession charges, and 12. 8% for trafficking. At 112,447 people incarcerated in local jails, that is one third of what we already have incarcerated in State and Federal prisons. These numbers keep adding up and getting higher and higher. Something needs to change in order for these numbers to start decreasing. At 2. 29 million people incarcerated in the United States, with over populated prisons, we need to reconsider what crimes are worth punishing, and if paying out $31,286. 00 per inmate per year in tax dollars is really necessary. Many studies show that increased admissions to drug treatments are associated with reduced incarceration rates. According to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), â€Å"States with a higher drug treatment admission rate than the national average send, on average, 100 fewer people to prison per 100,000 in the population than states that have lower than average drug treatment admissions. (Treatment). Of the 20 states that admit the most people to treatment per 100,000, 19 had incarceration rates below the national average. Of the 20 states that admitted the fewest people to treatment per 100,000, eight had incarceration rates above the national average. Increased admission to treatment rates also showed a decrease to crime rate and a reduction to control costs. According to Drugwarfacts. org (2011) as well, â€Å"Admissions to drug treatment increased 37. 4 percent and federal spending on drug treatment increased 14. 6 percent from 1995 to 2005. During the same period, violent crime fell 31. 5 percent. † (Treatment). Also according to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), â€Å"A study by the RAND Corporation found, â€Å"the savings of treatment programs are larger than the control costs; we estimate that the costs of crime and lost productivity are reduced by $7. 46 for every dollar spend on treatment. â€Å"(Treatment). Even if we just shift what we put the tax dollars towards a little, it could have a big and beneficial impact on our economy and on our society in general. A lot can be learned from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs in 2001. Since decriminalizing illicit drugs in Portugal the rate of drug related deaths, as well as the number of offenders arrested in Portugal for trafficker, trafficker-consumer, and consumer offences have all decreased. Since the decriminalization there has been a reduction in opiate-related deaths and infectious diseases. â€Å"Most interviewees were of the view that the decriminalization had reduced the burden on the Portuguese criminal justice system and enabled police to refocus their attention on more serious offences, namely drug traf? cking-related offences. (Hughes Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). Evidence also indicates reductions in problematic use, drug-related harms and criminal justice overcrowding in Portugal since the decriminalization of illicit drugs. If it can help with their overcrowding prison problem than it can help with ours as well. Portugal has taken a dramatic step in their justice system, and they have seen great benefits from it, as can we. The number of people arre sted for criminal offences related to drug offences reduced from over 14,000 offenders in 2000 to an average of 5,000–5,500 offenders per year. (Hughes Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). There has also been an increased uptake of drug treatment. The facts speak for themselves; the numbers are all too high, from the number of offenders incarcerated, to the amount of time that they spend for those crimes, and the tax dollars that are being spent on them while they are incarcerated. Whether it is an increased requirement for drug treatment or an entire decriminalization of drug offenses as in Portugal’s example, we have a few options to consider; something can be done to put a stop to this problem, and we need to start doing it. This problem will not just go away; someone needs to take the first step towards the reform of our practices and policies. If nothing is done than the numbers will just keep increasing further; more new jail cells will continue to keep being constructed, and they will be filled with more new inmates, maybe someone that is close to you. Will you take the first step to ensure that this problem does not go any further? Let’s start standing up and confronting this problem head on; together we can conquer anything, one problem at a time. References ZHENG, T. , SALGANIK, M. J. , GELMAN, A. 2006, June). How Many People Do You Know in Prison? : Using Overdispersion in Count Data to Estimate Social Structure in Networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, (), 409-423. Retrieved from http://www. stat. columbia. edu/~gelman/research/published/overdisp_final. pdf Center for Cognitive Liberty Ethics. (2012). Penalties for US Drug Offenses. Retrieved from http://www. cogniti veliberty. org/dll/drugpenalties. htm Walmsley, R. (2011, July). World prison population list. International Centre for Prison Studies, Ninth Edition(), 1-6. Retrieved from http://www. cribd. com/doc/77097293/World-Prison-Population-List-9th-edition Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Prisons_and_Drugs#Research Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Treatment HUGHES, C. , STEVENS, A. (2010). What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?. British Journal Of Criminology, 50(6), 999-1022. doi:10. 1093/bjc/azq038 Christian Henrichson and Ruth Delaney, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2012. How to cite Com156 – Prison Population of Drug Offenders, Essay examples

Evaluation of Performance Management-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provides a thorough and detailed evaluation of his/her performance management approach as a manager, and his/her personal style that is most important in executing this role effectively. 2.Provides a thorough and detailed explanation defending why these are important skills for ensuring the success of a Performance management program. Answers: 1.Detailed evaluation of performance management approach as a manager: Employees in organization will not have improved performance if managers for helping them to accomplish their goals do not possess necessary skills. Role of managers can be executed in an effective way when the personal style incorporates some skills. Some of the skills that a manager should have for enabling employees to achieve their objectives and goal within organization are serving as coach, mentor, observing and documenting the employees performance effectively, conducting constructive and useful performance discussions and review and proving any negative and positive feedback (Buckingham Goodall, 2015). It is essential on part of managers to establish a good coaching relationship with their employees. This is so because using this particular approach will help in enhancing interactions between employees and managers so that they take deep interest in solving employees issue. When the cultural background of superior and subordinates are not similar, creation of trustworthy and helping relationships becomes essential (Aguinis, 2013). Managers should also develop a feedback system that helps them in gaining information about current employees performance and assisting employees to fulfill their objectives in event of poor performance. Employment of such systems will also help in introducing disciplinary process, as this is a good system of performance management. Manager should also ensure that there are periodic discussions on performance review. A good strategy of coaching adopted by managers act as a learning opportunity for delegating action to employees and setting clear goals (Buckingham Goodall, 2015). 2.Detailed explanations about importance of skills for ensuring performance management program success: The success of performance management program is dependent upon the skills of managers. Possession of skills such as mentoring and coaching by managers will their employees in providing regular transparent and open feedback. It will also help in establishment in clear linkage between compensation given and performance of employees. Skills of managers help employees in enhancing their careers within the organization. The creation of good rapport between subordinates and supervisors would enable exploring the reasons behind the performance deficiencies of employees. Moreover, a clear and regular communications about the results and performance will be generated if managers are able to involve themselves in discussion with subordinates. Skills of managers to observe employee will help in diagnosing the problems behind performance as it helps in determination of course of actions (Cascio, 2014). Furthermore, persuading style of managers contributes to employee development by way of align ing the individual goal with the goal of organization. Developmental goals of employee are achieved by ability of managers to identify strategies and resources. In addition to this, the ability of managers to accurately document the performance helps in supporting their evaluation and the outcome of evaluation is free of mystery. Consequently, the evaluation forms the basis of acceptance of decision and trust promotion between employees. Programs of performance management incorporating developmental activities lead to better planning for future. One of the complex cognitive tasks of managers is evaluation and observing of developmental activities and documentation practicing will help in keeping the program free from memory related errors (DeNisi Smith, 2014). Therefore, the success of performance programs is determined the capabilities and skills of managers. References list: Aguinis, H. (2013). Performance management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Buckingham, M., Goodall, A. (2015). Reinventing performance management.Harvard Business Review,93(4), 40-50. Cascio, W. F. (2014). Leveraging employer branding, performance management and human resource development to enhance employee retention. DeNisi, A., Smith, C. E. (2014). Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: A review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 127-179

Business Cases and Corporate Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Cases and Corporate Engagement. Answer: Introduction The main aim of this essay is to presents the evidence-based strategies for enhancing the teamwork capability of the employees. It discusses the complexities that may be faced by the team members to work with the team. It also examines the skills and attributes that are necessary for a team member to become an effective team player. It deliberates the importance of teamwork for an organization. It also discusses how the team communication affects the team performance. It also presents many elements that can affect the communication in the working environment. It demonstrates that how ethical teamwork influences the productivity or performance of an organization. It also represents the role of ethics in the teamwork. It demonstrates that ethics in the team can promote to the adequate flow of work in the working place and improve the efficiency of the team. In the view of Inversini (2014, pp. 272-292) teamwork is a way where an organization enabled employees to work together for meeting the common goal. Teamwork can play an imperative role in a corporation because it permitted all employees for accomplishing the team objectives in the specified time and cost with many innovative ideas. It can also be stated that teamwork forces the staff member to contribute their innovative skills and provide the adequate feedback to meet the specified task of an organization. A company provides many additional services to the different department for accomplishing the specified goal. For example, a company prove the accounting tools and techniques to the workforce for evaluating the actual financial condition of the company. It can also be examined that the teamwork can support to make a strong relation among team member and team leaders. In oppose to this, Roth, S. (2014, pp. 175-191) a team of a company is emphasized on a dynamic framework that directs, which leads to making interrelationship within the group to meet the estimated goal. The team members contribute their best in the team to produces the feasible result. Each team of an organization can produce a different result. It can also be illustrated that the produced outcome can be measured by their outcome. The outcome can rely on some factors such as time and cost. It can be stated that in case, a corporate can meet the specified objectives in less time and cost then it can be able to produce an appropriate outcome. It can support to improve the productivity of a company. In support to this, Inversini (2014, pp. 272-292) sated that the views and opinion of each of workforce can be different on the same subject. Therefore, organizations build a group and emotionally connect the team member to each other for meeting the common goal appropriately. In the existing business scenario, a corporate can inspire the workforces to complete the task within specified limits. It can also be addressed that inspired employee may help to control the team and lead each employee to work appropriately. In addition, the motivated employees are able to handle the conflict that will occur in the workplace. Zhu (2014, pp. 925-947) argued that team communication often creates with estimated goal and control by the team leader and company. The specified goal entails the communication among upper to down management. In the small team, team member shares adequate information to meet the organization task with collaboration. An organization enabled the team member to share their information through electronic sources. It is also stated that each member of team refers the team leader and organization before offering the customer services. Moreover, these types of communication are known as upper-down intra team conversation. The communication among team can be effective for an organization because it enables the employee to work systematically and obtain the feasible outcome. Reviewing communication and teamwork As per the view of Inversini (2014, pp. 272-292) an effective communication can build an effective team in an organization. As well as, a team required an appropriate communication to make a robust relationship among team member. It also permits an employee to understand each other to attain the goal of a company. It is also examined that the open conversation line enabled the workforce to freely converse with other about their problems, ideas, and observations. The effective communication involves different elements like different abilities, creative liberty, diversification of capabilities, adaptability, commitment and, trust. Wondowossen (2014, p.4) explained that an organization can obtain many benefits through teamwork like improve productivity, the efficiency of the workforce, and moral of the employee. An organization can build an effective team to attain such sources systematically. It is also examined that a company can understand the procedure of ethical communication to build a better team, which helps to obtain the feasible result. On the other hand, Schaltegger (2015, pp. 1-19) teamwork can support to get feasible result along with making a robust relationship in the workplace. When the communication system operates appropriately then it enabled the employee to converse accordance to the company. As a result, employees improve their capability to attain the estimated goal. It is also examined that a leader of the team improves their capability to refine the strength and weakness of team member. As a result, it can help to enhance the productivity of teammates as well as develop appropriate interaction within the team. Gretzel (2015, pp. 558-563) examined that a poor conversation within the group can build misunderstanding between employees, consequently, it creates conflict in the workplace. A group that invests their time to misjudging and conflict is unable to generate the work quality. A team leader can build a strong structure to eliminate the misunderstanding and chances of conflict from the team. A team leader noted each activity of the team member to refine the factor that produces the conflict within the team. In support to this, Jondle (2014, pp. 29-43) stated that liability can enable the team member to perform correctly in the workplace. Hence, a team leader informs to each group member of the team about their responsibility to meet goal along with obtaining getting an adequate outcome. It is also found that a team leader makes aware the group member about the relationship among the performance of team and organization productivity. An ethical communication can provide adequate data to the group member about their liability to accomplish the organizational goal appropriately. A team leader also informs about the progress level of the company. Besides this, an ineffective conversation in the team can generate the complexity among the employee to understand their responsibility. Consequently, employee unable to complete the specified goal in estimated time and capital that can also increase the chances of getting low productivity. On the other hand, Hannam (2014, pp. 171-185) explained that organization and a leader of the team and build the ethical communication system between team members to attain the organizational goal. An organization can also use the training and development method in the team due to improving the communication skills of a team member. An organization can also be capable to develop an effective communication structure by using the training and development method along with updating the teammates about the organization data. Linking teamwork, communication, and ethics According to the Baker (2017, p. 9) team member expects correct behavior at the time of teamwork. Hence, an organization can develop a structure of communication for ethical conversation in the group. A team leader also identifies the expectation of team member to make an effective communication structure. An appropriate communication can maintain the ethics in the team. It can also be illustrated that ethics can help to build the productive environment in the workplace and enforced the team to ethically meet the objective of the organization. On the other side, Birtch (2014, pp. 283-294) explained that ethical communication can play a crucial role within the team to attain the task of organization. A team leader enabled the group member for conducting the ethical behavior in the team and ethically communicating with each other. A leader also allows the team member to respect the opinion and views of other. A leader can make aware to an employee about the cultural diversity and consumer relationship for getting a favorable outcome. It can also be illustrated that an organization permitted the team member to show the esteem in the working place. When a team member does not communicate ethically in the workplace then it creates the probability low productivity in long-run. An organization can utilize many promotional activities such as team building practices, communication techniques, effective decision making, and problem-solving. In addition, the promotional activities can support to enhance the employee productivity. Buhalis (2015, pp. 151-161) illustrated that a better communication structure can help to build a productive team in an organization. At the same time, an effective team can support to the workforces to corporation and teamwork by considering the team member in decision making. A leader can also build their time and conflict supervision skills to mitigate the conflict issues from the team and complete the organizational goal inappropriate time without conflict. It is also found that a team leader maintains the integrity standard and openly converse with its team member. Employees who trust on the leader and organizational norms obtain greater job satisfaction. It directs to the employee for obtaining a higher output, lower operational cost, and higher consumer satisfaction. As per the view of Standing (2014, pp. 82-113) an organization and a leader inspire the employee to make a positive attitude towards the organizational policy and follow them without conflict to attain estimated goal appropriately. It can also help to generate the positive result within the estimated time. It can also be stated that a team leader also builds the policy about the ethical behavior to perform better in an organization. A company can terminate team member for their unethical attitude at the workplace. It is supportive to mitigate the probability of unethical behavior in the organization. In oppose to this, Filimonau (2014, pp. 628-638) explained that a team leader can also build the passion among team member and leads them to attain the goal of company appropriately. A team leader can also a provide an open communication structure in the team for enabling the workforces to freely converse with each other and make a robust relationship between the team. It also allows the workforces to mitigate conflict issues and make stress free working environment. It can increase the presence of workforces in the working culture along with improving the team productivity. The team leader can make a favorable relationship with a team member to easily inspire them towards their work and attain the specified goal and objectives. It also leads to the uncertain incidence in the team to obtain the feasible outcome. Conclusion As per the above interpretation, it can be summarized that the teamwork can help the employee or team member to work together and meet the estimated task. It can also be illustrated that the team performance can be evaluated by the obtained result of the team. An effective team communication can help to make a robust relation among team member and obtain a feasible result. Finally, it can be summarized that ethics can play an imperative role to develop effective communication and productive team in an organization. References Baker, D. M. A. (2014) The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry,International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage,2(1), p. 9. Birtch, T. A., and Chiang, F. F. (2014) The influence of business schools ethical climate on students unethical behaviour,Journal of Business Ethics,123(2), pp. 283-294. Buhalis, D., and Foerste, M. (2015) SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value,Journal of destination marketing and management,4(3), pp. 151-161. Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J., and Robbins, D. (2014) The carbon impact of short-haul tourism: a case study of UK travel to Southern France using life cycle analysis,Journal of Cleaner Production,64, pp. 628-638. Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., and Lamsfus, C. (2015) Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems,Computers in Human Behavior,50, pp. 558-563. Hannam, K., Butler, G., and Paris, C. M. (2014) Developments and key issues in tourism mobilities,Annals of Tourism Research,44, pp. 171-185 Inversini, A., and Masiero, L. (2014) Selling rooms online: the use of social media and online travel agents,International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(2), pp. 272-292. Jondle, D., Ardichvili, A., and Mitchell, J. (2014) Modeling ethical business culture: Development of the ethical business culture survey and its use to validate the CEBC model of ethical business culture,Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), 29-43. Roth, S. (2014) The things that go without saying: on performative differences between business value communication and communication on business values, International Journal of Business Performance Management,15(3), pp. 175-191. Schaltegger, S., and Burritt, R. (2015) Business cases and corporate engagement with sustainability: Differentiating ethical motivations,Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-19. Seele, P., and Lock, I. (2015) Instrumental and/or deliberative? A typology of CSR communication tools,Journal of Business Ethics,131(2), pp. 401-414. Standing, C., Tang-Taye, J. P., and Boyer, M. (2014) The impact of the Internet in travel and tourism: A research review 20012010,Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,31(1), pp. 82-113. Wondowossen, T. A., Nakagoshi, N., Yukio, Y., Jongman, R. H., and Dawit, A. Z. (2014) Competitiveness as an indicator of sustainable development of tourism: Applying destination competitiveness indicators to Ethiopia.Journal of Sustainable Development Studies,6(1), p.1. Zhu, Y., Sun, L. Y., and Leung, A. S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and firm performance: The role of ethical leadership,Asia Pacific Journal of Management,31(4), pp. 925-947.

Women Studies Rape

Introduction Rape is a misdemeanor offense in which an individual mandates to have sexual contact without his or her approval. Though majority rapes are never accounted for, the figure of occurrences documented in the United States tremendously increased between 1970 and 1986. It is not in fact acknowledged if the number of rapes is augmented or if additional victims are enthusiastic to report the cases. Indignity, terror of retribution or denial and the shock of a court audition are regular causes for refusal to testify against a sexual felony (Williams, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of Rape The record of society’s appreciation to sexual aggression has its pedigree in English assets law. The problem of sexual attack did not come into the realization of the United States’ civil society until the feminist pressure groups o f the 1960s. Feminists perceived rape as an instrument for upholding patriarchy, a brutal technique of stirring up horror in women and strengthening their inferiority to men. This perspective has fashioned the approach in our culture in describing and conceptualizing sexual violence presently. Kids who are induced to hostility between their relatives are possibly caught up in brutal love affairs when they become adults. The configuration of the family appears to have effects on the feelings and conducts of kids brought up in them. Aggressive sex delinquents are known to be prone rape compared to other grownups that experienced deprived parental upbringing, unfortunate control, corporal violence, abandonment, and separation from their parents. The Causes of Rape Cultural Expectations and Rape myths Prospects conveyed by culture classically push men to believe they are greater, unrestricted and that they are supposed to be constantly on the sentry for and prepared to kick off sex in t heir affairs with women. Simultaneously, these sexual writings train women to believe that they are in charge of situating the confines and speed of sexual intercourse in their interaction with men. Rape folklores naturally reject the reality of sexual attack, justify it and lessen the gravity of its consequences. Virtually all cultures accept rape and have instruments that are responsible for sexual aggression. The Media and the School Since the beginning days of contemporary feminist’s pressure groups, women challenged that pornography facilitated sexual violence towards females depicts them as not anything apart from sex items, an outlook that is backed by research. Television and cinemas frequently pass the information that such brutality functions to demean women. Involvement in group activities could augment the danger of sexual violence. Peers are extra powerful in determining personality actions than environmental science, individuality, kin, faith, or traditions (Sco tt Glenna, 1994).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychopathology and Individuality Qualities Men involved in rape cases have been spotted with a broad range of psychiatric and character disarrays, mainly disruptive individuality confusion. However, personality gauging of rapists has established that there is no momentous variation between sexual delinquents and those confined for platonic felonies. The extent of participation in sexually coercive actions seems to be correlated to individual quantities of capriciousness, deficiency of collective sense of right and wrong and a worth course legalizing antagonism, predominantly against women. The largest part findings have summarized that there is much of heterogeneity amongst rapists and that sexual violence is caused by various dynamics. In fact, it has been alleged that the personality data of rapist criminals more dire ctly counterparts the personality data of men in the broad populace as compared to any other forms of crimes (Hooks, 2000). Masculinity and Power Drives Research has established that drives of supremacy and rage are more famous in rapists’ justification of sexual violence than sexual wishes are. Sexually hostile men candidly confess that their sexual desires are antagonistic and brutal. The level of affiliation between a man and a woman may perhaps influence the likelihood of aggression. A number of researches propose that men who rape on initial or subsequent dates possibly will have connection to outsider raping while men who rape near the beginning in what or else materialize to be an increasing association may just misconceive their partners’ meaning (Allison Wrightsman, 1993) Feminist Movements Feminist movements refer to numerous attempts put in place to bring about change. For instance, they attempt to bring about an end to brutality against women, provide the same chances for men and women, allow women sufficient motherhood leave and bring to a halt pestering of women sexually. Women have since time in memorial been fatalities of socio-cultural unfairness. The feminist lobby groups have managed to penetrate through inflexible socio-cultural structure in society primarily through backing female child education. The entire globe no longer practices female injustice by handing over minor roles to women. In its place, some women have raised to sky-scraping positions in politics and finance (Harris, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islamic Feminism Islamic feminism is apprehensive about the position of women in Islam and aspires for the complete egalitarianism among Muslims, despite of sex, in civic and personal life. Even though it is ingrained in Islam, the association’s founders have made use of worldly and Western feminist discourse. Campaigners of the lobby group try to underscore the extremely deep-seated experience of impartiality in the Quran and query the patriarchal explanation of Islamic philosophy through the Quran, hadith (maxim of Muhammad) and sharia (rule) towards the formation of a new, identical and fair society. Lots of ayaat (stanzas) of the Qur’an appear to pronounce gentleman/womanly sameness. Fundamentally, human beings are identical. They are merely differentiated among themselves on the origin of their legal observations or execution of the essential Qur’anic standard of integrity (Rhouni, 2001). Therefore, there is no disagreement between feminism and being religious. On one occasion, we identify feminism as consciousness of limits erected in front of women since sex, dismissal of restrictions erected on women, and attempts to create and employ unbiased gender structure are all patriarchal efforts meant to derail women efforts in the so ciety (Bergen, 1996). Feminist movements in the Middle East employ three approaches. The approaches include first, reinterpreting ayaat of the Qur’an to rectify bogus information in frequent circulation. Secondly, it involves quoting ayaat that indisputably pronounce the egalitarianism of women and men and lastly, delink the section of ayaat conscientious to male and female variation that has been frequently construed in ways that rationalize male supremacy (Treanor, 2002). Conclusion In general, research on the roots of sexual brutality has paid attention to two forms of premises those entrenched in individuality of the delinquent, and those that spot distinctiveness of culture in which we exist. None the theories fully elucidates the occurrence of sexually brutal activities in our civilization. Modern research in the discipline of sexual hostility points out that an incorporated theory will possibly have the superlative ability of amplifying what causes sexual cruelty in ou r culture. The police officer, with little research information thought indecent dressing causes sexual violence. References Allison, J. Wrightsman, L. (1993). Rape: The Misunderstood Crime. California: Sage.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bergen, R. (1996). Wife Rape: Understanding the Response of Survivors and Service Providers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Harris, A. (1990). Essentialism in Feminism legal theory. American Sociological Journal. 42, 35-71. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist theory: from margin to center. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. Rhouni, R. (2001). Women and Gender, the Middle East and the Islamic world. Web. Scott, S. Glenna, S. (1994). Housework in Marital and Non-marital Households. American Sociological Review, 59(3), 17-31. Treanor, N. (2002).The feminist movement. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press Williams, M. (2002). The Sexual Revolution. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press This research paper on Women Studies: Rape was written and submitted by user Brynlee Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Feathered Dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era

The Feathered Dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era Part of the reason so many ordinary people doubt the evolutionary link between feathered dinosaurs and birds is because when they think of the word dinosaur, they picture enormous beasts like Brachiosaurus and Tyrannosaurus Rex, and when they think of the word bird, they picture harmless, rodent-sized pigeons and hummingbirds, or perhaps the occasional eagle or penguin. (See a gallery of feathered dinosaur pictures and profiles and an article explaining why birds arent dinosaur-sized.) Closer to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, though, the visual referents are a lot different. For decades, paleontologists have been digging up small, birdlike theropods (the same family of two-legged, meat-eating dinosaurs that includes tyrannosaurs and raptors) bearing unmistakable evidence of feathers, wishbones, and other bits of avian anatomy. Unlike larger dinosaurs, these smaller theropods tend to be unusually well-preserved, and many such fossils have been discovered completely intact (which is more than can be said for the average sauropod). Types of Feathered Dinosaurs So many dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era sported feathers that its virtually impossible to pin down the exact definition of a true dino-bird. These include: Raptors. Despite what you saw in Jurassic Park, Velociraptor was almost certainly covered with feathers, as was the dinosaur it was modeled on, Deinonychus. At this point, the discovery of a provably non-feathered raptor would be major news! Ornithomimids. Bird mimic dinosaurs like Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus probably looked like giant ostriches, complete with feathersif not all over their bodies, at least on certain regions. Therizinosaurs. All of the dozen or so genera of this small family of bizarre, long-clawed, plant-eating theropods likely had feathers, though this has yet to be conclusively proven. Troodonts and oviraptorosaurs. Typified by, you guessed it, the North American Troodon and the central Asian Oviraptor, virtually all of the members of this theropod family seem to have been covered with feathers. Tyrannosaurs. Believe it or not, we have conclusive evidence that least some tyrannosaurs (like the recently discovered Yutyrannus) were featheredand the same may hold for the juveniles of Tyrannosaurus Rex. Avialan dinosaurs. Heres where paleontologists classify the feathered dinosaurs that dont fit in the above categories; the most famous avialan is Archaeopteryx. Further complicating matters, we now have evidence that at least some genera of ornithopods, plant-eating dinosaurs unrelated to modern birds, had primitive feathers as well! (For more on this subject, see Why Did Dinosaurs Have Feathers?) Which Feathered Dinosaurs Evolved Into Birds? What do all of these genera tell us about the evolution of prehistoric birds from dinosaurs? Well, for starters, its impossible to pin down a single missing link between these two types of animals. For a while, scientists believed the 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx was the indisputable transitional form, but its still not clear if this was a true bird (as some experts claim) or a very small, and not very aerodynamic, theropod dinosaur. (In fact, a new study claims that the feathers of Archaeopteryx werent strong enough to sustain extended bursts of flight.) For more, see Was Archaeopteryx a Bird or a Dinosaur? The problem is, the subsequent discovery of other small, feathered dinosaurs that lived around the same time as Archaeopteryxsuch as Epidendrosaurus, Pedopenna and Xiaotingiahas muddied the picture considerably, and theres no ruling out the possibility that future paleontologists will unearth dino-birds dating to as far back as the Triassic period. In addition, its far from clear that all of these feathered theropods were closely related: evolution has a way of repeating its jokes, and feathers (and wishbones) may well have evolved multiple times. (For more on this subject, see How Did Feathered Dinosaurs Learn to Fly?) The Feathered Dinosaurs of Liaoning Every now and then, a treasure trove of fossils forever changes the publics perception of dinosaurs. Such was the case in the early 1990s, when researchers uncovered the rich deposits in Liaoning, a northeastern province of China. All of the fossils discovered hereincluding exceptionally well-preserved feathered theropods, accounting for over a dozen separate generadate from about 130 million years ago, making Liaoning a spectacular window into the early Cretaceous period. (You can recognize a Liaoning dino-bird from its name; witness the sino, meaning Chinese, in Sinornithosaurus, Sinosauropteryx and Sinovenator.) Since Liaonings fossil deposits represent a mere snapshot in the 165-million-year-old rule of the dinosaurs, their discovery raises the possibility that more dinosaurs were feathered than scientists have ever dreamedand that the evolution of dinosaurs into birds was not a one-time, non-repeatable, linear process. In fact, its very possible that dinosaurs evolved into what we would recognize as birds numerous times over the course of the Mesozoic Erawith only one branch surviving into the modern age and producing those pigeons, sparrows, penguins and eagles we all know and love.

Johnny cupcakes entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Johnny cupcakes entrepreneur - Essay Example Having never attended any school or classes for Marketing, graphics or design and art, the brand was a result of hard work and innovations. Having been nick named as Johnny cupcake, Johnny come late and Johnny cheesecakes when he worked for a company in Massachusetts. It was the t- shirts he designed with the crossbones and a skull silhouette that made him famous. The actual creativity came in when Johnny replaced the skull with the cupcake had that made his motif on the shirts so intriguing to people. The shirts came in demand when co workers and colleagues questioned him each time he wore them. This originally started in 2001. From his interviews to High school students, lectures to numerous colleges and his tours to institutes like MassArt and cities across America,w e find out that he started young , passionate and obsessed with the idea to bring out something new and fun filled. His vision to be unique and different from other top clothing brands in America is seen in his bakery themed shops and flagship boutiques in Massachusetts. And his desire to attract his customers, like children were fantasized by Willy Wonka’s chocolate factory is what sets him and his journey apart from other entrepreneurs in America. According to Earle, he would have made a lot of money had he started young when he was in school just from the essential and golden guidance from his teachers and instructors but that was not the case. Earle also admits that he can save a lot of money by not insisting on having his shops and outlets of Johnny Cupcakes be inspired by bakery items, colors, scents and designs. However, Earle focuses on his goal of providing a unique experience to his customers, mostly kids and the youth. For Earle, it is essential to do what one loves and not worry about making one. The true spirit of work is when one can do what most affectionately inspires and attracts them. For Johnny Earle, dreams become reality when individuals venture down

Marketing Take-home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Take-home Exam - Essay Example Information To conduct accurate and relevant marketing research, marketing intelligence plays a very crucial role by providing the necessary information. However, McDonald must determine what information it needs. There are two major questions relating to the sources of information i.e. (1) What are the internal information sources? and (2) what are the external information sources? External sources of information must include necessary data relating to the key competitors and target consumers. McDonald’s must access the relevant published sources to analysis the key strengths, weaknesses and market share of the competitors. This external information must indicate the recent developments taken place in the market and among the competitors. Consumers’ changing behavior also needs to be identified using the external information. On the other hand, internal sources of information are also very crucial. However, obtaining such information is an easy task for McDonaldâ€℠¢s as it needs coordination with cross-functional departments. Hence, McDonald’s must carry out data-base analysis to understand the up-sale and cross-sale opportunities and to identify the potential consumers. Communication Primary difference between market intelligence and marketing research is the basic communicational process. In market intelligence, there is better communication between the decision makers and market intelligence analysts. On the other hand, communication is necessary for gathering and disseminating external and internal information. However, in market intelligence, the two most important questions relating to communication are ‘how to develop better communication for gathering information?’ and ‘how to develop communication for decision making?’ For gathering external and internal information, better communication is necessary. McDonald’s must implement IT systems like RFID and SAP for developing interference-free data g athering. It helps to build a flawless and continuous communication system (Koster and Munoz, 2009, p.358). For better decision making process, using the market intelligence process ‘two-way communication’ is an effective method. To develop two-way communication, McDonald’s must focus on better cross-functional communication and superior interaction level with the employees and management. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is the most suitable approach as IMC helps to build an effective internal and external communications. People and Processes Managing the people and processes are challenging tasks for producing accurate and relevant outcome from market intelligence process. The first criterion in marketing research is to identify and develop research question. Once this task is over, McDonald must synchronize and manage the entire process. Two primary questions in this area are â€Å"how to involve relevant people in marketing intelligence process? and ‘how to develop effective and accurate process?’ McDonald’s must identify key employees to involve them in market intelligence process. Motivation and transparency are the two vital factors in this process. McDonald